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面包屑導航結束 --> <!-- 頁面標題開始 --> <div id="n1l1njb9b" class="title"> <h3><a>車銑復合加工中心Y軸立柱的受力分析及結構優化<small></small></a></h3> </div> <!-- 頁面標題結束 --> <hr class="featurette-divider"> <!-- 中部開始 --> <div id="n1l1njb9b" class="container"> <!-- 正文 --> <div id="n1l1njb9b" class="lead" id="print"> <p> </p> <p class="60" style="margin-top:0cm;mso-pagination:lines-together;page-break-after: avoid;background:transparent"><a name="bookmark0"><span lang="EN-US">0</span>引言</a></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:24.0pt;line-height:15.6pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly">復合化是數控機床一個普遍發展趨勢，在現代機 <span id="n1l1njb9b" class="20">械加工中復合化數控機床發揮著愈來愈大的作 </span>用<span id="n1l1njb9b" class="285pt"><sup>[1]</sup></span>。<a href='http://www.jiuzhoutongtie.cn/' target='_blank'>車銑復合加工中心</a>具有多軸聯動功能，機床 動力刀架配合<span id="n1l1njb9b" class="2TimesNewRoman"><span lang="EN-US">Y</span></span>軸移動能實現強力銑削，<span id="n1l1njb9b" class="2TimesNewRoman"><span lang="EN-US">Y</span></span>軸立柱作 為動力刀架的一個重要支撐零件，必須對其進行最優 化設計以減少機床在強力切削時的振動，使加工零件 獲得較高的加工精度和很好的表面粗糙度。目前國 內復合機床偏重于結構布局研究，對復合后機床支撐 件力學性能研究不足。筆者通過對車銑復合加工中 心<span id="n1l1njb9b" class="2TimesNewRoman"><span lang="EN-US">Y</span></span>軸立柱有限元仿真和分析，完成了對<span id="n1l1njb9b" class="2TimesNewRoman"><span lang="EN-US">Y</span></span>軸立柱 的優化設計，并在機床的實際使用中，證明優化后的 <span id="n1l1njb9b" class="2TimesNewRoman"><span lang="EN-US">Y</span></span>軸立柱很好的滿足了機床的加工要求。</p> <p class="60" style="margin-top:0cm;line-height:11.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly; mso-pagination:lines-together;page-break-after:avoid;background:transparent"><a name="bookmark1"><span id="n1l1njb9b" class="63pt">1立柱的建模</span></a></p> <p class="60" style="margin-top:0cm;line-height:11.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly; mso-pagination:lines-together;page-break-after:avoid;background:transparent"><span id="n1l1njb9b" class="2TimesNewRoman"><b><span lang="EN-US">1</span></b></span><span id="n1l1njb9b" class="120"><span lang="EN-US">.</span></span><span id="n1l1njb9b" class="2TimesNewRoman"><b><span lang="EN-US">1</span></b></span>立柱的三維建模及材料的定義</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:24.0pt;line-height:15.6pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly">利用<span id="n1l1njb9b" class="2TimesNewRoman"><span lang="EN-US">Solidworks</span></span>進行立柱二維模型建立,在此過 程中，三維模型中的一些細小特征，比如加工倒角、螺 紋孔、工藝凸臺等會影響有限元網格模型的建立，因 此對這些不影響力學性能的特征進行了簡化,進行簡 化后的三維模型如圖1所示。根據立柱的使用情況 選擇其材料為<span id="n1l1njb9b" class="2TimesNewRoman"><span lang="EN-US">HT</span></span><span lang="EN-US">300</span>鑄鐵，通過查閱相關參考文獻 可得出材料彈性模量為150 <span id="n1l1njb9b" class="2TimesNewRoman"><span lang="EN-US">GPa</span></span><span lang="EN-US">、</span>泊松比為<span lang="EN-US">0. </span>27、密 度為 7 400 <span id="n1l1njb9b" class="2TimesNewRoman"><span lang="EN-US">kg/m</span></span><span id="n1l1njb9b" class="285pt"><sup>3[2]</sup></span>。</p> <p class="121" style="margin-top:0cm;background:transparent"><span id="n1l1njb9b" class="2TimesNewRoman"><b><span lang="EN-US">1</span></b></span><span id="n1l1njb9b" class="120"><span lang="EN-US">.</span></span><span id="n1l1njb9b" class="2TimesNewRoman"><b><span lang="EN-US">2</span></b></span>立柱有限元網格模型的建立</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:24.0pt;line-height:15.6pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly"><span style="font-family: MingLiU;">對簡化后的立柱三維模型利用</span><span id="n1l1njb9b" class="2TimesNewRoman"><span lang="EN-US">Simulation</span></span><span style="font-family: MingLiU;">進行</span><span id="n1l1njb9b" class="2Exact" style="line-height: 15.6pt; text-indent: 0cm; background-color: transparent;">網格劃分。在進行網格劃分時，如果網格劃分太細， 雖然會提高運算精度但也會加大運算時候的運算量, 因此，在對計算的精度不會有較大影響前提下選擇合 適的網格單元大小就很重要<sup>[3]</sup>。筆者進行模型網格 劃分時，朱用的網格單元大小12. 96 </span><span id="n1l1njb9b" class="2TimesNewRoman" style="line-height: 15.6pt; text-indent: 0cm; background-color: transparent;"><span lang="EN-US">mm</span></span><span id="n1l1njb9b" class="2Exact" style="line-height: 15.6pt; text-indent: 0cm; background-color: transparent;">，經過網格劃 分后，共有69 419個節點，43 337個單元，網格劃分 后的模型如圖2所示。</span></p> <p class="120" style="margin-top:0cm;line-height:15.85pt;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;background:transparent"><span id="n1l1njb9b" class="2TimesNewRoman"><span lang="EN-US">1</span></span><span id="n1l1njb9b" class="12Exact0"><span lang="EN-US">.</span></span><span id="n1l1njb9b" class="2TimesNewRoman"><span lang="EN-US">3</span></span><span id="n1l1njb9b" class="12Exact">載荷的施加及邊界約束</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:24.0pt;line-height:15.6pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly"> </p> <p class="20" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent: 23.0pt;line-height:15.85pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;background:transparent"><span id="n1l1njb9b" class="2Exact">立柱的受力主要是機床切削加工時的切削力和 刀架的重力，其中切削力通過刀具及刀架傳遞給立 柱。通過已知的切削參數及查閱相關參考文獻，可計 算出切削力三個方向的分力大小:切向力2 029 </span><span id="n1l1njb9b" class="2TimesNewRoman"><span lang="EN-US">N</span></span><span id="n1l1njb9b" class="2Exact">，徑向力</span><span id="n1l1njb9b" class="2TimesNewRoman"><span lang="EN-US">Fy</span></span><span id="n1l1njb9b" class="2Exact"> = 569 </span><span id="n1l1njb9b" class="2TimesNewRoman"><span lang="EN-US">N</span></span><span id="n1l1njb9b" class="2Exact">，軸向車削力& = 620 </span><span id="n1l1njb9b" class="2TimesNewRoman"><span lang="EN-US">N</span></span><span id="n1l1njb9b" class="2Exact"><sup>[4]</sup>。刀 架的質量為396 </span><span id="n1l1njb9b" class="2TimesNewRoman"><span lang="EN-US">kg</span></span><span id="n1l1njb9b" class="2Exact">，由于機床切削力和刀架重心與立 柱受力點之間存在一定距離，經過將切削力與刀架重 力進行合成并經過施加遠程載荷，可以模擬機床進行</span><span style="line-height: 15.6pt;">加工時的狀態</span><span id="n1l1njb9b" class="20pt" style="line-height: 15.6pt;">。</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:23.0pt;line-height:15.6pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly">立柱通過螺釘與機床床鞍進行剛性連接<span id="n1l1njb9b" class="20pt">，</span>因此可 以將立柱下面的六個自由度全部約束<span id="n1l1njb9b" class="20pt">,</span>對立柱進行約 束并施加遠程外力載荷后<span id="n1l1njb9b" class="20pt">，</span>得出立柱的受力示意如圖 <span id="n1l1njb9b" class="20pt">3</span>所示<span id="n1l1njb9b" class="20pt">。</span></p> <p class="130" style="text-indent:0cm;background:transparent"><span id="n1l1njb9b" class="13TimesNewRoman"><span lang="EN-US">1</span></span><span lang="EN-US">.</span><span id="n1l1njb9b" class="13TimesNewRoman"><span lang="EN-US">4</span></span>計算結果</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:23.0pt;line-height:15.6pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly">將各條件確定后<span id="n1l1njb9b" class="20pt">，</span>經過<span id="n1l1njb9b" class="2TimesNewRoman"><span lang="EN-US">Simulation</span></span>模塊進行運算 分析<span id="n1l1njb9b" class="20pt">，</span>得到了立柱的應力<span id="n1l1njb9b" class="20pt">、</span><span id="n1l1njb9b" class="20">應變圖解及總位移圖解 </span><span id="n1l1njb9b" class="20pt">(</span><span id="n1l1njb9b" class="20">見圖</span><span id="n1l1njb9b" class="20pt">4 ~6</span><span id="n1l1njb9b" class="20">所示</span><span id="n1l1njb9b" class="20pt">）。</span></p> <p class="130" style="margin-right:75.0pt;text-indent:0cm;background:transparent"><span id="n1l1njb9b" class="1311pt">2</span>對運算結果分析及結構優化 <o:p></o:p></p> <p class="130" style="margin-right:75.0pt;text-indent:0cm;background:transparent"><span id="n1l1njb9b" class="13TimesNewRoman"><span lang="EN-US">2</span></span><span lang="EN-US">.</span><span id="n1l1njb9b" class="13TimesNewRoman"><span lang="EN-US">1</span></span>受力分析</p> <p class="20" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent: 23.0pt;line-height:15.6pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;background:transparent">通過圖<span id="n1l1njb9b" class="20pt">4、5</span>可以看出立柱左端的筋柱上受到的 應力及應變較大<span id="n1l1njb9b" class="20pt">，</span>最大應力為<span id="n1l1njb9b" class="20pt"><span lang="EN-US">21.37 </span></span><span id="n1l1njb9b" class="2TimesNewRoman"><span lang="EN-US">N</span></span><span lang="EN-US">/</span><span id="n1l1njb9b" class="2TimesNewRoman"><span lang="EN-US">mm</span></span><span id="n1l1njb9b" class="20pt"><sup><span lang="EN-US">2</span></sup></span><span id="n1l1njb9b" class="20pt"><span lang="EN-US">,</span></span>在設計 中應該是結構優化的關鍵位置<span id="n1l1njb9b" class="20pt">,</span>而其他位置并沒有出 現較高的應力及應變<span id="n1l1njb9b" class="20pt">。</span></p> <p class="130" style="text-indent:0cm;background:transparent"><span id="n1l1njb9b" class="13TimesNewRoman"><span lang="EN-US">2</span></span><span lang="EN-US">.</span><span id="n1l1njb9b" class="13TimesNewRoman"><span lang="EN-US">2</span></span>位移分析</p> <p class="20" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent: 23.0pt;line-height:15.6pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;background:transparent">通過圖<span id="n1l1njb9b" class="20pt">6</span>可以看出<span id="n1l1njb9b" class="20pt">,</span>立柱最大變形位移出現在立 柱左端的筋柱上部區域<span id="n1l1njb9b" class="20pt">，</span>最大變形位移為<span id="n1l1njb9b" class="20pt"><span lang="EN-US">0.027 </span></span><span id="n1l1njb9b" class="2TimesNewRoman"><span lang="EN-US">mm</span></span><span id="n1l1njb9b" class="20pt"><span lang="EN-US">， </span></span>由于結構布局需要<span id="n1l1njb9b" class="20pt">，</span>立柱左端處布置有<span id="n1l1njb9b" class="2TimesNewRoman"><span lang="EN-US">Y</span></span>軸電機<span id="n1l1njb9b" class="20pt">，</span>因 此左端處留有較大空位<span id="n1l1njb9b" class="20pt">,</span>這就使得立柱局部變形位移 較大<span id="n1l1njb9b" class="20pt">。</span>由于立柱是機床加工時受力關鍵部件<span id="n1l1njb9b" class="20pt">,</span>該局部 變形會在一定程度上直接影響機床的加工精度<span id="n1l1njb9b" class="20pt">，</span>因此 有必要對立柱進行結構優化設計<span id="n1l1njb9b" class="20pt">。</span></p> <p class="130" style="text-indent:0cm;background:transparent"><span id="n1l1njb9b" class="13TimesNewRoman"><span lang="EN-US">2</span></span><span lang="EN-US">.</span><span id="n1l1njb9b" class="13TimesNewRoman"><span lang="EN-US">3</span></span>結構優化</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:23.0pt;line-height:15.6pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly"><span style="font-family: MingLiU;">通過以上分析可知</span><span id="n1l1njb9b" class="20pt">,</span><span style="font-family: MingLiU;">立柱左端的筋柱區域是結構 優化的重點</span><span id="n1l1njb9b" class="20pt">，</span><span style="font-family: MingLiU;">可以做有針對性結構加強</span><span id="n1l1njb9b" class="20pt">。</span><span style="font-family: MingLiU;">首先將立柱 左端處筋壁的厚度進行了改進</span><span id="n1l1njb9b" class="20pt">，</span><span style="font-family: MingLiU;">由原來的</span><span id="n1l1njb9b" class="20pt">20 </span><span id="n1l1njb9b" class="2TimesNewRoman"><span lang="EN-US">mm</span></span><span style="font-family: MingLiU;">增加 為</span><span id="n1l1njb9b" class="20pt">25 </span><span id="n1l1njb9b" class="2TimesNewRoman"><span lang="EN-US">mm</span></span><span id="n1l1njb9b" class="20pt"><span lang="EN-US">，</span></span><span style="font-family: MingLiU;">其次</span><span id="n1l1njb9b" class="20pt">，</span><span style="font-family: MingLiU;">在與</span><span id="n1l1njb9b" class="2TimesNewRoman"><span lang="EN-US">Y</span></span><span style="font-family: MingLiU;">軸電機不發生干涉的前提下</span><span id="n1l1njb9b" class="20pt">，</span><span style="line-height: 15.6pt; text-indent: 0cm; background-color: transparent;">將立柱左端的空位尺寸改小</span><span id="n1l1njb9b" class="20pt" style="line-height: 15.6pt; text-indent: 0cm; background-color: transparent;">，</span><span style="line-height: 15.6pt; text-indent: 0cm; background-color: transparent;">提高此處的結構剛性</span><span id="n1l1njb9b" class="20pt" style="line-height: 15.6pt; text-indent: 0cm; background-color: transparent;">。 </span><span style="line-height: 15.6pt; text-indent: 0cm; background-color: transparent;">另外</span><span id="n1l1njb9b" class="20pt" style="line-height: 15.6pt; text-indent: 0cm; background-color: transparent;">,</span><span style="line-height: 15.6pt; text-indent: 0cm; background-color: transparent;">在立柱受應力</span><span id="n1l1njb9b" class="20pt" style="line-height: 15.6pt; text-indent: 0cm; background-color: transparent;">、</span><span style="line-height: 15.6pt; text-indent: 0cm; background-color: transparent;">應變較小的頂部設計了三個減重 孔</span><span id="n1l1njb9b" class="20pt" style="line-height: 15.6pt; text-indent: 0cm; background-color: transparent;">,</span><span style="line-height: 15.6pt; text-indent: 0cm; background-color: transparent;">改進后的立柱重量比原來的重量只增加了 </span><span id="n1l1njb9b" class="20pt" style="line-height: 15.6pt; text-indent: 0cm; background-color: transparent;">2 </span><span id="n1l1njb9b" class="2TimesNewRoman" style="line-height: 15.6pt; text-indent: 0cm; background-color: transparent;"><span lang="EN-US">kg</span></span><span id="n1l1njb9b" class="20pt" style="line-height: 15.6pt; text-indent: 0cm; background-color: transparent;"><span lang="EN-US">。</span></span></p> <p class="20" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent: 23.0pt;line-height:15.6pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;background:transparent">經過結構改進后的立柱再此利用<span id="n1l1njb9b" class="2TimesNewRoman"><span lang="EN-US">Simulatiom</span></span>進 行有限元仿真和分析<sup>[5]</sup><span id="n1l1njb9b" class="20pt">，</span>其應力<span id="n1l1njb9b" class="20pt">、</span>應變圖解及總位移 圖解如圖<span id="n1l1njb9b" class="20pt">7 ~9</span>所示<span id="n1l1njb9b" class="20pt">，</span>從分析結果可知<span id="n1l1njb9b" class="20pt">,</span>優化后的立柱 最大的變形位移由之前的<span id="n1l1njb9b" class="20pt"><span lang="EN-US">0.027 </span></span><span id="n1l1njb9b" class="2TimesNewRoman"><span lang="EN-US">mm</span></span>減少到了 <span id="n1l1njb9b" class="20pt"><span lang="EN-US">0.009 </span></span><span id="n1l1njb9b" class="2TimesNewRoman"><span lang="EN-US">mm</span></span><span id="n1l1njb9b" class="20pt"><span lang="EN-US">，</span></span>而重量只增加了 <span id="n1l1njb9b" class="20pt">2 </span><span id="n1l1njb9b" class="2TimesNewRoman"><span lang="EN-US">kg</span></span><span id="n1l1njb9b" class="20pt"><span lang="EN-US">。</span></span>該機床裝配完成<span id="n1l1njb9b" class="20pt">,</span>實際使 用效果良好<span id="n1l1njb9b" class="20pt">，</span>加工精度和加工表面粗糙度都達到了設 計要求<span id="n1l1njb9b" class="20pt">。</span></p> <p class="20" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent: 23.0pt;line-height:15.6pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;background:transparent"><span id="n1l1njb9b" class="1311pt">3</span><span id="n1l1njb9b" class="13">結語</span></p> <p class="20" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent: 23.0pt;line-height:15.6pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;background:transparent"> </p> <p class="20" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent: 24.0pt;line-height:15.6pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;background:transparent">車銑復合加工中心憑借其高效率<span id="n1l1njb9b" class="20pt">、</span>高精度及較強 的加工性能<span id="n1l1njb9b" class="20pt">，</span>越來越受到廣大機床用戶的青睞<span id="n1l1njb9b" class="20pt">，</span>因此<span id="n1l1njb9b" class="20pt">， </span>如何構思<span id="n1l1njb9b" class="20pt">、</span>設計車銑復合加工中心<span id="n1l1njb9b" class="20pt">，</span>已經成為機床企 業工程師當下任務<sup>[6]</sup><span id="n1l1njb9b" class="20pt">。</span>筆者利用<span id="n1l1njb9b" class="2TimesNewRoman"><span lang="EN-US">Simulatiom</span></span>對車銑 復合加工中心<span id="n1l1njb9b" class="2TimesNewRoman"><span lang="EN-US">Y</span></span>軸立柱進行有限元仿真和分析過 程<span id="n1l1njb9b" class="20pt">，</span>完成了對<span id="n1l1njb9b" class="2TimesNewRoman"><span lang="EN-US">Y</span></span>軸立柱的優化設計<span id="n1l1njb9b" class="20pt">，</span>通過對機床的實 際使用<span id="n1l1njb9b" class="20pt">，</span>證明優化后的<span id="n1l1njb9b" class="2TimesNewRoman"><span lang="EN-US">Y</span></span>軸立柱很好的滿足了機床 的加工要求<span id="n1l1njb9b" class="20pt">，</span>實踐證明利用有限元仿真和分析方法<span id="n1l1njb9b" class="20pt">, </span>能夠縮短機床設計周期和提高設計效率<span id="n1l1njb9b" class="20pt">。</span></p> <p class="121" 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